The phytochemical investigation of the hexane extract which was obtained from the leaves of Xylopia laevigata (Annonaceae) produced six terpenes. Among these, five diterpenes named abieta-7,13-dien-3-one, ent-7β-acetoxy-16β-hydroxy-kaurane, 4-epi-cupressic acid, powerol, and labdorffianic acid B, and one oxygenated sesquiterpene, spathulenol. This is the first time these isolated diterpenes from X. laevigata have been described. The different structures belong to the abietane, kaurane, and labdane diterpenoids, and are indicative of the chemical diversity found in X. laevigata. Moreover, the diterpene ent-7β-acetoxy-16β-hydroxy-kaurane is reported herein for the first time as a natural product, and 4-epi-cupressic acid, powerol, and labdorffianic acid B are reported for the first time in the Annonaceae family. The structures of the isolated compounds were established by extensive analyses using 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy in combination with MS. The cytotoxic activities of compounds abieta-7,13-dien-3-one, spathulenol, 4-epi-cupressic acid, and powerol were evaluated against tumor and non-tumor cell lines, in which spathulenol was found to be the most active, mainly against K562 with an IC50 value of 17.20 μmol L-1.

<p>The phytochemical investigation of the stem bark of <italic>Annona pickelii</italic> yielded four steroids (β-sitostenone, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol and campesterol), three lignans (eudesmin, magnolin and yangambin), twelve alkaloids (liriodenine, lysicamine, atherospermidine, anonaine, analobine, asimilobine, discretamine, stepholidine, coclaurine, orientaline, juziphine and stepharine), and a benzenoid (2-methoxybenzoic acid). These compounds support their recent reclassification from <italic>Rollinia</italic> to <italic>Annona</italic>, and that it is a typical species of the family Annonaceae. Significant antifungal and antioxidant activities were found for the methanol crude extract as well as for the lignans eudesmin, magnolin, yangambin and the alkaloid discretamine. In addition, several items of NMR data for the alkaloids were reviewed and unequivocally described in this work.</p>

TEMA: efeitos imediatos de dois exercícios de trato vocal semi-ocluído. OBJETIVO: verificar e comparar os efeitos imediatos dos exercícios finger kazoo (FK) e fonação com canudo (FC). MÉTODO: vinte e três mulheres sem queixa vocal e idades entre vinte e três e quarenta anos executaram os exercícios duas vezes, em ordem pré-estabelecida (FK - FC - FC - FK), e realizaram uma auto-avaliação vocal após cada um deles. Amostras da vogal sustentada [e] e da fala (contagem um-dez) foram coletadas pré e pós-exercícios, para a avaliação perceptivo-auditiva, realizada por duas fonoaudiólogas treinadas, e para a análise acústica. RESULTADOS: na auto-avaliação os efeitos positivos (FK 122 - 77,7% e FC 118 - 74,7%) foram mais relatados que os negativos, sendo os principais: voz mais clara (FK 33 - 21% e FC 29 - 18,4%), forte (FK 24 - 15,3% e FC 26 - 16,5%) e fala mais fácil (FK 29 - 18,5% e FC 30 - 19%). Na avaliação perceptivo-auditiva, um maior número de emissões foram consideradas melhores pós-fonação com canudo, tanto na vogal (22 - 47,8% pós e 19 - 41,3% pré-exercício), quanto na fala (24 - 52,2% pós e 15 - 32,6% pré), enquanto um maior número de emissões foram consideradas melhores pré-finger kazoo, tanto na vogal (18 - 39,1% pré e 17 - 37% pós), quanto na fala (21 - 45,6% pré e 17 - 37% pós). Na avaliação acústica, foi observada redução da freqüência fundamental após ambos os exercícios (FK 6,47Hz, e FC 5,52Hz). CONCLUSÃO: os exercícios finger kazoo e fonação com canudo produziram relatos positivos e semelhantes na auto-avaliação vocal e resultados semelhantes na análise acústica, enquanto a avaliação perceptivo-auditiva indicou efeitos positivos apenas na fonação com canudo.

BACKGROUND: the immediate effects of two semi-ocluded vocal tract exercises. AIM: to verify and compare the immediate effects of the finger kazoo (FK) and phonation with straw exercises (PS). METHOD: twenty-three women without vocal complaints, aged twenty-three to forty, performed the exercises twice, in a pre-set order (FK - PS - PS - FK), and did a vocal self assessment after each one of these exercises. The sustained [e] vowel and speech (one-ten counting) samples were collected pre and postexercises for the auditory-perceptive evaluation carried out by two trained speech pathologists, and for the acoustic analysis. RESULTS: in the self-assessment, the positive effects (FK 122 - 77.7% and PS 118 - 74.7%) were more referred than the negative, being mainly mentioned: a clearer (FK 33 - 21% and PS 29 - 18.4%), stronger voice (FK 24 - 15.3% and PS 26 - 16.5%) and an easier speech (FK 29 - 18.5% and PS 30 - 19%). In the auditory-perceptive evaluation, a larger number of emissions were considerated better after phonation with straw, as much in the vowel (22 - 47.8% post and 19 - 41.3% preexercise) as in the speech (24 - 52.2% post and 15 - 32.6% pre) whereas a larger number of emissions were considerate better before the finger kazoo, as much in the vowel (18 - 39.1% pre and 17 - 37% post) as in the speech (21 - 45.6% pre and 17 - 37% post). In the acoustic analysis, it was observed a fundamental frequency decrease after both exercises (FK 6.47Hz and PS 5.52Hz ). CONCLUSION: the finger kazoo and phonation with straw exercises produced positive and similar reports in the vocal self-assessment, and similar reports in the acoustic analysis, whereas the auditory-perceptive evaluation indicated positive effects only in the phonation with straw.